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  1. When a POST is set to private, non-logged in users will receive a 404 message. If you dump the global variable $wp_query,

    var_dump($wp_query);

    ..you will notice that no post_status is present in the parameters returned therefore using the slug (or name parameter of query_vars array for example) we can get the post status of the POST that is trying to be accessed like so,

    global $wp_query;
$slug = $wp_query->query_vars['name'];
$status = get_page_by_path($slug, OBJECT, 'post');

if ($status->post_status == "private") {

     //show form

} else {

    //etc...

}

    Helpful Codex resources:

    http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_page_by_path

    Update:

    On the basis that you are trying to perform this action for the “PAGE” post type (as per your comments) the above code should change 'post' to 'page' accordingly in get_page_by_path().

    Now the reason why it still was not working while using $wp_query->query_vars['name']; is then related to the fact that your page is a CHILD page of another page, in otherwords it has a PARENT.

    Because the function we are using is getting our page by its path, it needs to know its full path so the parent page matters. Therefore we must change,

    $slug = $wp_query->query_vars['name'];

    to

    $slug = $wp_query->query['pagename']; //which will show the full path e.g. parent/child

    Elaborating further what we are doing is accessing the full path from a different array within the $wp_query and here’s an example (sample snippet) of what is $wp_query is actually comprised of when dumping the results

      ["query"]=>  //we are now accessing the ["query"] array instead of ["query_vars"]
  array(2) {
    ["page"]=>
    string(0) ""
    ["pagename"]=> //and this is what need, notice the full path
    string(20) "sample-page/sub-page"
  }
  ["query_vars"]=>
  array(57) {
    ["page"]=>
    int(0)
    ["pagename"]=> //this is what we don't need, no full path contained, will not work
    string(8) "sub-page"
    etc.......

    Therefore the modified code in full will look like;

    global $wp_query;
$slug = $wp_query->query['pagename']; //from ->query_vars to ->query
$status = get_page_by_path($slug, OBJECT, 'page'); //change to meet your desired post_type

if ($status->post_status == "private") {

     //show form

} else {

    //etc...

}

    As Kaiser mentioned you can also use, get_post_status() function to retrieve the post status and that can be done like so,

    if (get_post_status($status->ID) == "private") ... etc

  2. Was just looking around for this answer myself in 2020 and it seems this is a great way to do it now.

    <?php if ( $wp_query->have_posts() ) : ?>
  <?php while ( $wp_query->have_posts() ) : ?>
    <?php $wp_query->the_post(); ?>

    <?php if ( get_post_status ( get_the_ID() ) == 'private' ) { ?>
      <h1>Private</h1>
    <?php } ?>
  <?php endwhile; ?>
<?php endif; ?>